Strep throat

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Strep throat is a bacterial throat infection caused by Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes).

It causes sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes, and if untreated, can lead to serious complications such as rheumatic fever or kidney inflammation (post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis).

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🦠 Cause

• Infection with Group A Streptococcus (GAS) bacteria.

• Spreads through respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing, or sharing utensils).

• Common in children (ages 5–15) but can affect anyone.

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⚕️ Symptoms of Strep Throat

Symptoms typically appear 2–5 days after exposure:

• Sudden sore throat (starts quickly)

• Pain when swallowing

• Red, inflamed throat with white patches or streaks of pus

• Tiny red spots (petechiae) on the roof of the mouth

• Fever (usually >101°F / 38.3°C)

• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck

• Headache and body aches

• Nausea or vomiting (more common in children)

• No cough — (helps distinguish strep from viral sore throat)

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🧬 How It Spreads

• Droplets: Coughing, sneezing, or talking.

• Contact: Touching contaminated surfaces or objects.

• Close contact: Schools, daycare centers, families.

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🩺 Diagnosis

• Physical exam: Red throat, white spots, swollen tonsils.

• Rapid antigen test (rapid strep test): Results in minutes.

• Throat culture: Confirms diagnosis (gold standard, results in 24–48 hours).

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💊 Treatment

1. Antibiotics (Essential to prevent complications)

Kills the bacteria, reduces symptoms, and stops transmission.

Medication	Typical Duration	Notes
Penicillin V	10 days	First-line, very effective
Amoxicillin	10 days	Better-tasting option for children
Cephalexin (Keflex)	10 days	For mild penicillin allergy
Azithromycin / Clarithromycin	5 days	For severe penicillin allergy

💡 Symptoms usually improve within 24–48 hours after starting antibiotics.

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2. Supportive Care

• Pain and fever relief: Acetaminophen or ibuprofen

• Hydration: Drink plenty of water or warm fluids

• Soothing measures: Warm saltwater gargle, throat lozenges

• Soft foods: Soup, yogurt, applesauce

• Rest: Stay home at least 24 hours after starting antibiotics

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⚠️ Complications (if untreated)

• Rheumatic fever (can damage heart valves)

• Kidney inflammation (post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis)

• Peritonsillar abscess (pus around tonsils)

• Sinus or ear infections

• Scarlet fever (rash caused by strep toxin)

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🧘 Prevention

• Wash hands often.

• Avoid sharing utensils, drinks, or toothbrushes.

• Cover mouth when coughing or sneezing.

• Replace toothbrush after 24 hours of antibiotic use.

• Avoid close contact with infected individuals.

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❤️ Prognosis

• With antibiotics, most people recover completely in 7–10 days.